Course Content
Agriculture Economics iv
• Importance of farm accounts • Financial documents and their uses • Analysis of financial statements • Books of accounts and their uses.
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AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V)
• Market and marketing • Types of markets • Supply and demand • Marketing functions • Problems of marketing • Agricultural organizations
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AGROFORESTRY
This topic entails the following: • Definition of agro forestry • Importance of agro forestry • Forms of agro forestry • Importance of trees • Selection f trees to plant • Routine management practices on trees • Methods of tree harvesting.
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CROP PESTS AND DISEASES
This topic entails the following: • Definition of a pest and a disease • Main cause of crop diseases • Description of harmful effects of crop pests and diseases • Identification of crop pests and diseases • Control measures of crops pests and diseases
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CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)
The following is the summary- Land preparation entails the following farming practices. - Land clearing or bush clearing tools, chemicals and equipment used. - Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used. - Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used. - Secondary cultivation, tools and equipment used. - Tertiary operations e.g. ridging, rolling and leveling. - Sub-soiling, tools used and reasons for the same. - Minimum tillage and reasons for the secure
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CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING)
This topic entails the following: • Correct planting materials for various crops • Selection and preparation of planting materials • Determination of optimum time of planting • Factors which determine planting depth • Planting procedure for different crops • Factors which determine seed rate, spacing and plant population. • Calculation of plant population • Economic value of land.
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AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)
• Definition of land tenure. • Description of tenure systems. • Descriptions of land reforms
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CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
This topic entails the following: • A nursery bed • A nursery bed and a seed bed • Reasons of establishing nursery bed • Suitable site for nursery bed • Nursery bed preparation • Nursery bed management practices • Transplanting seedling crops from nursery bed • Budding a seedling • Grafting a seedling • Reasons for budding, grafting and layering • Tissue culture • Damage caused by animals to a seedling and prevention
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CROP PRODUCTION IV (FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)
This topic entails the following: • Crop rotation • Reasons for crop rotations • Crop rotation programme • Terms used in crop farming • Mulching • Reasons for various field management practices • Correct stage for harvesting crops • Harvesting practices of various crops.
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AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)
This topic entails the following: • Parameter of national development • Factors of production • Law of diminishing returns • Farm planning and budgeting • Agricultural services • Risks and uncertainities • How to adjust to risks and uncertainities.
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CROP PRODUCTION V (VEGETABLES)
This topic entails the following: • Growing or production of a vegetable crop form nursery establishment to harvesting • Keep records of crop production. • Market vegetable crop produce • Give reasons or importance of growing vegetable crops. • The vegetable crops include the following: Tomatoes, cabbages, onions, carots, kales.
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LIVESTOCK HEALTH (INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH)
This topic entails the following: • Definition of Health and disease. • Signs of sickness in animals livestock diseases • Categories of livestock diseases • Reasons for keeping livestock in good health • Disease control practices • Appropriate methods of handling livestock.
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FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE
In this topic, the following factors influence agriculture. -Human factors e.g. -level of education, -Health HIV/AIDS, -Economic status of the farmer e.t.c - Biotic factors e.g. pests, parasites, decomposers, pathogens, pollinators, predators e.t.c. - Climatic factors e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind and relative humidity, light - Edaplus factors e.g. type of soils, soil profile, soil structure, soil texture, soil chemical properties.
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FARM STRUCTURES
This topic entails the following: • Description of parts of a building • Identification of materials for construction • Description of various farm structures and their uses • Construction and maintenance of farm structures.
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FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
This topic entails the following: - Sources of farm power - Systems of a tractor - Tractor implements, uses and maintenance - Animal drawn implements uses and maintenance - Tractor servicing and maintenance practices
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CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFE AND TEA
This topic entails the following: • Description of management practices of the food crops from planting to harvesting and marketing. • Economic value of food crops and industrial crops
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FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
There are five categories of farm tools and equipment namely: - Garden tools and equipment e.g. pangas, jembe, pick axe, spade e.t.c. - Workshop tools and equipment e.g. saws, hammers, planes, chisels e.t.c - Livestock production tools and equipment e.g. milking stool, strip cup, milk churn etc. - Masonry tools and equipment e.g. wood float, spirit level, plumb bob e.t.c - Plumbing tools e.g. pipe wrench spanner, stock and die e.t.c
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FORAGE CROPS
This topic entails the following: • Definition and classification of pasture crops. • Identification of pasture corps • Description of ecological requirements of forage crops • Description of the establishment of pasture and fodder crops • Description of forage utilization and conservation.
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INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE
This topic entails the following:- - Definition of agriculture - Main branches of agriculture - Farming systems - Farming methods - Role of agriculture to Kenya’s economy - Varied opportunities in agriculture.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION)
This topic entails the following: • Identification and classification of livestock feeds. • Digestion and digestive systems of cattle, pigs and poultry • Definition of terms used to express field values • Preparation of balanced ration for various livestock • Functions and deficiency symptoms of various nutritional elements.
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LIVESTOCK HEALTH II (LIVESTOCK PARASITES)
This topic entails the following: • Host-parasite relationships • Effects of parasites on livestock • Life cycle of parasites • Methods of parasite control in livestock • Identify different parasites
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LIVESTOCK HEALTH III (LIVESTOCK DISEASES)
This topic entails the following: • Description of causes and vectors of the main livestock diseases. • Signs of each stated livestock disease • Stating predisposing factors where applicable • Control measures of livestock disease
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SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
This topic entails the following: • Definition of soil erosion • Explanation of various factors which influence erosion. • Agents of erosion • Description various methods of erosion • Description of various methods of erosion control • Description of micro-catchments and then uses.
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SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE)
This topic entails the following: - Characteristics of a fertile soil - How soil loses soil fertility - Soil fertility maintenance - Reasons of adding organic matter to soil - Disadvantages of organic manure - Types of organic manure i.e green manure, farm yard manure and compost measure.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS
This topic entails the following: • Reasons of keeping livestock • Parts of a cow • Characteristics of indigenous and exotic cattle breeds • Dairy cattle breeds • Beef cattle breeds • Dual purpose cattle breeds • Pig breeds • Sheep breeds • Goat breeds • Rabbit breeds • Camel breeds
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AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS)
This topic entails the following - Definition of scarcity, preference and classic, opportunity cot as used in agriculture production. - Uses of farm records - Types of farm records i.e production records, filed operation records, breeding records, feeding records, health, labour records and master roll.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (SELECTION AND BREEDING)
This topic entails the following: • Description of reproduction • Description of reproduction systems • Selection f breeding stock • Description of breeding system. • Identification of livestock on heat • Description of methods used in serving livestock.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV (LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES
This topic entails the following: • Description of livestock rearing practices • Carrying out livestock rearing practices • Livestock routine management practices i.e. feeding, de-beaking e.t.c.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)
This topic entails the following: • Identification of parts of an egg. • Selection of eggs for incubation • Identification of suitable sources for chicks. • Descriptions of broodiness • Description of condition for incubation • Description of rearing systems • Categories of poultry feds according to age-of birds • Stating causes of stress and vices in poultry and control measures. • Marketing of eggs and poultry meat. • Selection, sorting and grading of eggs.
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SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS)
This topic entails the following; • Essentials elements required by cops • Classification of essential elements • Role o micro-nutrients • Deficiency symptoms of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients. • Identification and classification of fertilizers. • Soil sampling and testing methods of fertilizer application. • Effect of soil acidity/alkalinity air crops • Fertilizer rate calculations
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WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
This topic entails the following: - Hydrological cycle - Sources of water on the farm - Water collection and storage - Pumps and pumping of water - Types water pipes - Water treatment - Uses of eater of the farm. - Types of irrigation advantages and disadvantages. - Importance and methods of drainages - Water pollution causes and prevention.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES)
This topic entails the following: • Raising young stock • Milk and milk components • Milk secretion and milk let-down • Correct milking techniques • Marketing of milk and beef.
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WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL
This topic entails the following: • Definition of a weed • Identification of weeds • Classification o weeds • Competitive ability of weeds • Description of weed control methods • Harmful effects of weeds
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AGRICULTURE STUDIES
About Lesson

This topic entails the following:

  • Growing or production of a vegetable crop form nursery establishment to harvesting
  • Keep records of crop production.
  • Market vegetable crop produce
  • Give reasons or importance of growing vegetable crops.
  • The vegetable crops include the following: Tomatoes, cabbages, onions, carots, kales.

            The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

  1. The diagram below is of a tomato plant. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

  1. a) State three management practices that have not been carried on the plant above                        b) For each management practice state one reason why it should be carried  out                   
  2. c) Name two diseases that attack the crop above in the field
  3. Describe the production of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) under the following subheadings
  4. a) Varieties                                                                                                                             
  5. b) Nursery establishment
  6. c) Field management practices                                                                                                          
  7. List four symptoms of late blight in tomatoes
  8. State any four factors considered when grading tomatoes for fresh market
  9. State two ways of controlling purple blotch in onions                        
  10. The following is an illustration of an infected tomato plant. Study it carefully and answer the

            questions below:-

            (a) Identify the disease which may have caused the condition shown in the illustration      

            (b) Name any other crop which may be affected by the disease identified in (a) above                   (c) Mention two other factors which can lead to the same condition as shown by the illustration

            (d) State two measures that can be sued to control the disease named in (a) above             

  1. Give two ways in which pruning helps to control diseases in tomatoes
  2. Outline four ecological requirements for cabbages
  3. a) Mention two pests which attack tomatoes
  4. b) Give two causes blossom end rot disease in tomatoes
  5. List three ecological requirements of tomatoes.

CROP PRODUCTION V

(VEGETABLES)

  1. a)three management practices that have not been carried on the plant above
  • Pruning
  • Staking
  • Weed control 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks
  1.  b) For each management practice state one reason why it should be carried out                
  • Pruning
  • Staking – prevents lying on ground where fruits are soiled and get diseases

                      Easy movement in field                                                                              1x ½ = ½ mk

  • Weeding – reduce competition for nutrients, water and space 1x ½ =1/2 mk

  1. c) Name two diseases that attack the crop above in the field
  • Tomato blight
  • Bacterial wilt

Blossom – end rot

  1. the production of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) under the following subheadings
  2. a) Varieties
  • fresh market e.g. money maker, beef eater, marglobe  supermande
  • processing varieties-cal –j, marzano, Kenya  beauty  (1/2×4=2mks)
  1. b) Nursery establishment
  • select  site and  clear
  • dig to remove weeds and  narrow  to fine tithe
  • mark out  nursery  beds I  wide with convenient length   and level it
  • make drills 10cm apart  and  crop seeds  singly in furrows
  • cover with  thin layer of  soil, mulching, water (1/2×4=2mks)
  1. c) Field management practices
  • gabbing-to  reduce dad seeds  and maintain  optimum plant  population
  • weed  control-remove  weeds  mechanically to  prevent competition  avoid during flowering
  • top  dressing-use fertilizers at 20kg/ha when  plants are 25-30cm tall
  • staking-train  plants  to  grow  in desired   shape; to produce clean fruits, control pests  and disease 
  • pruning-to remove unwanted  braches  to input micro climate  facilitate  spraying
  • pest control-use pesticides  and  other  appropriate methods to control pests e.g. aneucal ball worm, leaf hopper
  • disease  control-use  fungicides, legislative  methods ,etc to control early blight, damping off, bacterial  wilt  (7×2=14mks)

  1. two symptoms of late blight in tomatoes.

            – Rapid drying of leaves.

            – Brownish dry rots of fruits.

            – Destruction / drying of the whole plant.      

  1. four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market.

            – Size i.e. large, medium, small.

            – Degree of ripeness of fruit.

            – Damage of tomatoes e.g. bruises on skin.

            – Shape of the fruit.    

  1. Two ways of controlling purple blotch in onions
  • Crop rotation

–     Application of fungicides

  1. (a) The disease which may have caused the condition shown in the illustration     

.Bacterial with (Pseudomonas solana cerum). ( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

            (b) Any other crop which may be affected by the disease identified in (a) above                

  • Irish potatoes( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

            (c) Two other factors which can lead to the same condition as shown by the illustration

  • Nematode attack
  • Lack of water
  • Physical damage on the roots/male attack ( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

            (d) Two measures that can be sued to control the disease named in (a) above                     

  • Crop rotation
  • Regueing /field hygiene

–    Use of certified seeds 

  1. -Enables efficient coverage of plant with chemicals                                                 
  • Creates unfavorable micro climate for disease causing organism
  • Diseased branches are removed hence reduced incidences of disease spread

Remove branches touching the ground to avoid infection

  1. – Altitude – 900-2900 meters above sea level

            –  Rainfall – well distributed throughout the growing period

                             – 750mm – 2000 mm per annum

                             – practice irrigation

            – Soils – well drained

            – Deep rich

– Slightly acidic PH of 6.5     

  1. a)
  • American boll worm
  • Cut worm
  • Red spider mite
  • Nematodes
  1. b) Lack of calcium
  • Irregular watering
  • Excessive application of Nitrogen in early stages of the plants growth

10

  • Altitude                       0 – 2100m above sea level.
  • Temperature range      18 – 29º C
  • Sunlight is important during ripening to give the tomatoes a bright red or yellow colour depending on the variety
  • Rainfall – well distributed during the growing season. (760 – 1300mm pa)
  • Soils      – warm and well drained soils with a PH of 5.5 – 7.0


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