Course Content
Agriculture Economics iv
• Importance of farm accounts • Financial documents and their uses • Analysis of financial statements • Books of accounts and their uses.
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AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V)
• Market and marketing • Types of markets • Supply and demand • Marketing functions • Problems of marketing • Agricultural organizations
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AGROFORESTRY
This topic entails the following: • Definition of agro forestry • Importance of agro forestry • Forms of agro forestry • Importance of trees • Selection f trees to plant • Routine management practices on trees • Methods of tree harvesting.
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CROP PESTS AND DISEASES
This topic entails the following: • Definition of a pest and a disease • Main cause of crop diseases • Description of harmful effects of crop pests and diseases • Identification of crop pests and diseases • Control measures of crops pests and diseases
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CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)
The following is the summary- Land preparation entails the following farming practices. - Land clearing or bush clearing tools, chemicals and equipment used. - Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used. - Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used. - Secondary cultivation, tools and equipment used. - Tertiary operations e.g. ridging, rolling and leveling. - Sub-soiling, tools used and reasons for the same. - Minimum tillage and reasons for the secure
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CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING)
This topic entails the following: • Correct planting materials for various crops • Selection and preparation of planting materials • Determination of optimum time of planting • Factors which determine planting depth • Planting procedure for different crops • Factors which determine seed rate, spacing and plant population. • Calculation of plant population • Economic value of land.
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AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)
• Definition of land tenure. • Description of tenure systems. • Descriptions of land reforms
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CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
This topic entails the following: • A nursery bed • A nursery bed and a seed bed • Reasons of establishing nursery bed • Suitable site for nursery bed • Nursery bed preparation • Nursery bed management practices • Transplanting seedling crops from nursery bed • Budding a seedling • Grafting a seedling • Reasons for budding, grafting and layering • Tissue culture • Damage caused by animals to a seedling and prevention
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CROP PRODUCTION IV (FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)
This topic entails the following: • Crop rotation • Reasons for crop rotations • Crop rotation programme • Terms used in crop farming • Mulching • Reasons for various field management practices • Correct stage for harvesting crops • Harvesting practices of various crops.
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AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)
This topic entails the following: • Parameter of national development • Factors of production • Law of diminishing returns • Farm planning and budgeting • Agricultural services • Risks and uncertainities • How to adjust to risks and uncertainities.
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CROP PRODUCTION V (VEGETABLES)
This topic entails the following: • Growing or production of a vegetable crop form nursery establishment to harvesting • Keep records of crop production. • Market vegetable crop produce • Give reasons or importance of growing vegetable crops. • The vegetable crops include the following: Tomatoes, cabbages, onions, carots, kales.
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LIVESTOCK HEALTH (INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH)
This topic entails the following: • Definition of Health and disease. • Signs of sickness in animals livestock diseases • Categories of livestock diseases • Reasons for keeping livestock in good health • Disease control practices • Appropriate methods of handling livestock.
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FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE
In this topic, the following factors influence agriculture. -Human factors e.g. -level of education, -Health HIV/AIDS, -Economic status of the farmer e.t.c - Biotic factors e.g. pests, parasites, decomposers, pathogens, pollinators, predators e.t.c. - Climatic factors e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind and relative humidity, light - Edaplus factors e.g. type of soils, soil profile, soil structure, soil texture, soil chemical properties.
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FARM STRUCTURES
This topic entails the following: • Description of parts of a building • Identification of materials for construction • Description of various farm structures and their uses • Construction and maintenance of farm structures.
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FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
This topic entails the following: - Sources of farm power - Systems of a tractor - Tractor implements, uses and maintenance - Animal drawn implements uses and maintenance - Tractor servicing and maintenance practices
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CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFE AND TEA
This topic entails the following: • Description of management practices of the food crops from planting to harvesting and marketing. • Economic value of food crops and industrial crops
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FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
There are five categories of farm tools and equipment namely: - Garden tools and equipment e.g. pangas, jembe, pick axe, spade e.t.c. - Workshop tools and equipment e.g. saws, hammers, planes, chisels e.t.c - Livestock production tools and equipment e.g. milking stool, strip cup, milk churn etc. - Masonry tools and equipment e.g. wood float, spirit level, plumb bob e.t.c - Plumbing tools e.g. pipe wrench spanner, stock and die e.t.c
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FORAGE CROPS
This topic entails the following: • Definition and classification of pasture crops. • Identification of pasture corps • Description of ecological requirements of forage crops • Description of the establishment of pasture and fodder crops • Description of forage utilization and conservation.
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INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE
This topic entails the following:- - Definition of agriculture - Main branches of agriculture - Farming systems - Farming methods - Role of agriculture to Kenya’s economy - Varied opportunities in agriculture.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION)
This topic entails the following: • Identification and classification of livestock feeds. • Digestion and digestive systems of cattle, pigs and poultry • Definition of terms used to express field values • Preparation of balanced ration for various livestock • Functions and deficiency symptoms of various nutritional elements.
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LIVESTOCK HEALTH II (LIVESTOCK PARASITES)
This topic entails the following: • Host-parasite relationships • Effects of parasites on livestock • Life cycle of parasites • Methods of parasite control in livestock • Identify different parasites
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LIVESTOCK HEALTH III (LIVESTOCK DISEASES)
This topic entails the following: • Description of causes and vectors of the main livestock diseases. • Signs of each stated livestock disease • Stating predisposing factors where applicable • Control measures of livestock disease
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SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
This topic entails the following: • Definition of soil erosion • Explanation of various factors which influence erosion. • Agents of erosion • Description various methods of erosion • Description of various methods of erosion control • Description of micro-catchments and then uses.
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SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE)
This topic entails the following: - Characteristics of a fertile soil - How soil loses soil fertility - Soil fertility maintenance - Reasons of adding organic matter to soil - Disadvantages of organic manure - Types of organic manure i.e green manure, farm yard manure and compost measure.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS
This topic entails the following: • Reasons of keeping livestock • Parts of a cow • Characteristics of indigenous and exotic cattle breeds • Dairy cattle breeds • Beef cattle breeds • Dual purpose cattle breeds • Pig breeds • Sheep breeds • Goat breeds • Rabbit breeds • Camel breeds
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AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS)
This topic entails the following - Definition of scarcity, preference and classic, opportunity cot as used in agriculture production. - Uses of farm records - Types of farm records i.e production records, filed operation records, breeding records, feeding records, health, labour records and master roll.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (SELECTION AND BREEDING)
This topic entails the following: • Description of reproduction • Description of reproduction systems • Selection f breeding stock • Description of breeding system. • Identification of livestock on heat • Description of methods used in serving livestock.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV (LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES
This topic entails the following: • Description of livestock rearing practices • Carrying out livestock rearing practices • Livestock routine management practices i.e. feeding, de-beaking e.t.c.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)
This topic entails the following: • Identification of parts of an egg. • Selection of eggs for incubation • Identification of suitable sources for chicks. • Descriptions of broodiness • Description of condition for incubation • Description of rearing systems • Categories of poultry feds according to age-of birds • Stating causes of stress and vices in poultry and control measures. • Marketing of eggs and poultry meat. • Selection, sorting and grading of eggs.
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SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS)
This topic entails the following; • Essentials elements required by cops • Classification of essential elements • Role o micro-nutrients • Deficiency symptoms of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients. • Identification and classification of fertilizers. • Soil sampling and testing methods of fertilizer application. • Effect of soil acidity/alkalinity air crops • Fertilizer rate calculations
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WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
This topic entails the following: - Hydrological cycle - Sources of water on the farm - Water collection and storage - Pumps and pumping of water - Types water pipes - Water treatment - Uses of eater of the farm. - Types of irrigation advantages and disadvantages. - Importance and methods of drainages - Water pollution causes and prevention.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES)
This topic entails the following: • Raising young stock • Milk and milk components • Milk secretion and milk let-down • Correct milking techniques • Marketing of milk and beef.
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WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL
This topic entails the following: • Definition of a weed • Identification of weeds • Classification o weeds • Competitive ability of weeds • Description of weed control methods • Harmful effects of weeds
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AGRICULTURE STUDIES
About Lesson

This topic entails the following:

  • Identification of parts of an egg.
  • Selection of eggs for incubation
  • Identification of suitable sources for chicks.
  • Descriptions of broodiness
  • Description of condition for incubation
  • Description of rearing systems
  • Categories of poultry feds according to age-of birds
  • Stating causes of stress and vices in poultry and control measures.
  • Marketing of eggs and poultry meat.
  • Selection, sorting and grading of eggs.

            The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

  1. A deep little poultry house measures 9mx3m. Suppose the amount of space allowed for one

            bird is 0.27m2.Calculate the number of birds that can be kept comfortably in the house. Show

            your working                                                                                                                           

  1. Give two functions of isthmus in female bird
  2. Give four features of a good laying nest                                                                               
  3. State four qualities of marketable eggs
  4. Study the diagram showing the behaviour of chicks in a brooder and answer the questions that

follow:-

Heat source

B

Chicks

Heat source

A

C

Brooder guard

            (a) State the behaviour of chicks in A, B and C                                                                                

            (b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded as shown in the diagram                                          

  1. Mention six characteristics of an egg selected for incubation
  2. Describe the management of layers in deep litter system
  3. State four reasons for egg breaking and drinking by layers in a deep litter rearing system
  4. Below are diagram showing condition of eggs seven days after incubation study them and answer

             the questions                                                                                                                                     

  1. a) Identify the conditions of eggs
  2. b) Identify the egg which suitable for incubation and give a reasons for your answer                       
  3. c) Name the practice which used to determine the state of eggs above                                                  
  4. The diagram U below illustrates an activity carried by a poultry farmer keeping layers. Study the

            diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow                                                       

  1. a) Identify the activity carried out using the set up illustrated in diagram U                                       
  2. b) List down four preparations that should be carried out structure U before arrival of

   day old chicks                                                                                                                                         

  1. c) List down one behaviouristic activity which would indicate that the chicks are under stress

  1. Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house
  2. Give two reasons why it is important to castrate animals when they are still young
  3. (a) Give two reasons why dehorning is carried out in farm animals

            (b) State four methods of dehorning livestock                                                                      

  1. State four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling.           
  2. Describe the management of day old chicks in a deep litter system from preparation of brooder up

            to eight (8)weeks old                                                                                                               

  1. a) Describe the management practices of a gilt from weaning to the time of furrowing
  2.  b) State five factors to consider in selecting a gilt for breeding stock.                                
  3. Study the diagram of an egg be1ow and answer the questions that fol1ow:

  1. i) Name the parts labeled N, O and P                                                                                  
  2. ii) State the functions of the parts M and L                                                                          

             iii) Why should the egg be turned during incubation

  1. State three reactions of chicks in a brooder which has higher temperature than normal.
  2. Give three types of bedding material a poultry farmer may use in deep litter rearing of layers
  3. Give two properties of good eggs for incubation

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V

(POULTRY)

  1. One bird occupies 0.27m2

            Area available 9m x 3m= 27m2

            1 bird        0.27m2

                  ?          27m2

                        = 27m2    = 100 birds        1×2=2mis

                           0.27m2

  1. Functions of isthmus.

            – Shell membranes formed/ determines shape of egg;

            – Water mineral salts and vitamins added;    

  1. Features of a laying nest.
  • Dimly lit; dark;
  • Spacious / large enough to accommodate bird comfortably;
  • Dry clean beddings;
  • Have lockable doors;
  • Kept in secluded parts of the house;
  • Have slanting roofs to prevent birds from perching on;

Have an appropriate height from floor;         

  1. Qualities of marketable eggs.
  • Smooth texture;
  • Right shape, colour, size and weight;
  • Right shell hardness;

Clean and fresh;   

  1. (a)           A – Too high temperature

                        B- draught C chilliness from left side

                        C – Inadequate heat supply /low temperatures           ( ½ x 3 = 1 ½ mk)

            (b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded as shown in the diagram                              

To avoid overcrowding in the corners which can lead the suffocation and death

  1. – Fertilized

– Medium size (55-60gm)

– oval shaped

– free form abnormalities e.g. double yolk/ blood spots

– Be freshly collected (not more than 1 week)

– Have smooth shells

– Be free from cracks in the shells

– Be clean

  1. Adequate space

– Litter to be kept dry and free form dust

– Turn the liter frequently

– Perches and rosters should be adequate and well spaced

– Adequate waterers

– Well distributed waterers

–  Provide clean and adequate water

– equipment to be kept clean

– Replenish soft litter in the nest

– ensure the nest is dark

– Collect eggs regularly

– Feed the birds well

– Supply gut to assist in digestion

– Keep the birds busy by hanging greens

– Curl the birds and pool layers

– De-beak birds to prevent cannibalism

– Vaccinate birds regularly

– Check birds for disease symptoms

– control parasites

– Avoid stress factors

– Discourage broodiness

– Maintain and repair the houses

– Provide enough fed troughs

– Keep proper records

– Dispose off dead birds

  1. four reasons for egg breaking and drinking by layers in a deep litter rearing System             Bright light in the laying boxes/over corroding/few laying boxes
  • Poor feeding without mineral rich feeds
  • Undebeaked birds
  • Irregular egg collection

  1. a)      a-infertile (clear)

            b-fertile egg

            c-damage yolk

  1. b) Identify the egg which suitable for incubation and give a reasons for your answer Egg b-it is fertile and will develop into a chick
  2. c) Name the practice which used to determine the state of eggs above

Candling

  1. a) Brooding of chicks (1×1=1mk)
  2. b) four preparations that should be carried out structure U before arrival of day old chicks

   cleaning the house and brooder with disinfectant

  • dusting with chemical to kill etoparasites
  • placing  the polythene  paper on  fresh  and clean saw  dust
  • fixing  and setting of sources of heat  and  light
  • Fixing the feed and water troughs and putting fresh feed and water.
  1. c) List down one behaviouristic activity which would indicate that the chicks are under stress Moving away or close to the heat source
  • Fighting
  • Cannibalism

  1. – Litter gives comfort and warmth to the birds

            – Helps in drying dropping

            – keeps birds bust

  1. Reasons for castrating animals when young            
  • Less pain
  • Quick healing

–    Little loss of blood

  1. a) Reasons for dehorning farm animals
  • Reduce space occupied by animal
  • Making handling easier
  • To reduce destruction of farm structures
  • To make them
  • To reduce risk, injury to farmer and other animals 2x ½ = 1 mark
  1. b) Methods of dehorning livestock
  • Use of caustic potash stick (Potassium hydroxide)
  • Use of dehorning iron
  • Use of dehorning saw or wire
  • Use of rubber ring and elastrator

–     Use of dehorning collation

  1. four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling. (2mk)
  • Absence of yolk.
  • Double / triple yolk.
  • Air space in wrong position.
  • Excessively large air space.
  • Cracks on egg shell.
  • Blood / meat spots.
  • Deformed / broken yolk.
  1. The management of day old chicks in a deep litter system from preparation

            of brooder up to eight (8)weeks old (20mks)

  • ensure  brooder is  working  well 2-3days  before  arrival  of  chicks
  • provide  brooded  with  litter  for  warmth and  moisture  absorption
  • provide  heat  source
  • put  wire gauze around  the  heat source
  • make holes on the  brooder to provide fresh  air
  • provide dim light to prevent  cannibalism
  • cover  litter with  polythene  sheet  or  newspaper  and place feeds on them to discourage  chicks  from  eating litter
  • check the temperature at  above 15cm above  the  floor to  ensure  that  the temperature  is  appropriate
  • from 4th -6th week withdraw the  heat source gradually
  • feed  chicks  on chicks mash
  • provide  plenty of  clean water
  • vaccinate against  Newcastle disease  after 2-3  weeks
  • keep proper records
  • dust  birds  with  insecticide  to control external parasites
  • at 6 weeks  introduce growers  mash
  • isolate sick birds  from  healthy ewes
  • remove  and treat sick birds
  • clean  and  disinfect the  house
  • provide  greens
  • remove dead  chicks from the  house
  • provide  foot bath with disinfectants 

  1. (a)- Piglets are weaned at the age of 8 weeks and feet on sow and weaner meal.

            – Deworming should be done to control internal parasites.

            – Vaccinate to control diseases e.g African swine Fever.

            – Spray to control external parasites

            – Identification is done by ear notching

            – Take it to pork when it shows signs of being heat

            -Trim over grown hooves.

            – Gestation period is 4 months

            – Prepare furrowing pen by disinfecting the walls

            – Sow brought to furrowing pen 3 days to.

            (b) -Age

            -Mothering ability be good

            -Physical fitness

            -Health of gut

            -Body confirmation

            -Temperament of behaviour

            -Adaptability

            -prolificacy

  1. (i) M- Chalaza                        L- Space

                 N- Yolk                              O- Inner shell membrane        P- Shell           

            (ii) M- Hold the yolk in position at centre of the egg.

                L- Air trappd in this space used by developing embryo

            (iii) – To avoid germinal disc sticking on the egg shell

  1. – Move away from the source of heat to the periphery

  1. -saw dust

            Wood shavings

            Crushed maize cobs

            Coffee husks

            Rice husks                                                                                                                                          

20.

  • Be fertilized
  • Should be medium in size i.e 50-65 gm in weight
  • Have smooth shells
  • Be oval in shape
  • Be free of any cracks in shells
  • Be clean to ensure that pores are clean
  • Not have any fresh i.e collected withine one week
  • Should be fresh i.e collected within one week

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