This topic entails the following:

• Description of livestock rearing practices
• Carrying out livestock rearing practices
• Livestock routine management practices i.e. feeding, de-beaking e.t.c.

            The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

1. Give four reasons of carrying out crutching sheep management
2. Name two ways a farmer can perform closed methods of castration on his male livestock
3. Below is a diagram of a farm animal. Study the diagram carefully and then answer the questions

            that follow                                                                                                                              

1. a) On the drawing, mark the letters indicated in brackets the part of the animal where:
2. i) Branding should take place (B)
3.       ii) Vaccination should be carried out (V)                                                                        

                  iii) Body temperature of the animal should be taken (BT)                                                          

1.          iv) Mastitis infection may occur (M)                                                                                           
2. b) Name three areas of the animal body where ticks are likely to be found                        
3. c) Name the parts of the animal numbered 1-4         

4. a) What is castration as used in livestock production?
5.  b) State four reasons why castration is done in livestock                                                    
6. (a) Describe the management of a gilt from weaning to furrowing

            (b) Discuss the preparation a poultry farmer should make before the arrival of day old chicks

6. Outline two reasons for raddling in sheep management
7. State any four reasons for castrating male piglets
8. What are the methods of stocking bees? Give two.
9. State two ways that show how good feeding help to control livestock diseases
10. Name any two recommended methods of docking lambs
11. State three disadvantages of inbreeding
12. State four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe
13. (a) Describe the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using

                 surgical  method                                                                                                               

            (b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm          

               (ii) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum harvest of fish from a

                      fish pond                                                                                                                                  

10. Give three types of bees found in a bee colony   
11. List three methods of castrating farm                                                                        
12. Outline the routine management practices of piglets from the 1^st day to the 8^th week
13. List three types of calf pens
14. State two factors that could lead to failure to conceive in sows after service
15. List three advantages of hoof trimming in sheep production                                              
16. State four factors considered when citing an apiary in the farm           
17. Name three methods of stocking a beehive with honey bees
18. List three common methods of extracting honey from the combs   
19. a)The illustration below shows a method  of  identifying pigs, study  the diagram  and answer the questions  that follow:-                                                                                                          

1. i) On the diagram A provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram

1. ii) What is the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be

    carried out?      

iii) State any three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig          

      production   

1. b) Below are illustrations showing the various parts of the Kenya top bar hive. Use the illustration

  to answer the question that follow

1. i) label the parts B ,C and D                                                                                                                          
2. ii) How can a farmer attract bees to colonize a new hive?

            iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey                                                                  

20. a) Below are illustrations of  farm tools                                                                               

1. ii) State the use of the tools

iii) Name the type of hammer that may be used for driving tool K during work                                         b) Given below is an illustration of one of the routine management practices in livestock

  production.

            Study the diagram and answer the following questions

1. i) Name the practice indicated in the diagram above
2. ii) Describe the procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named

                in (i) above in piglets                                                                                                                     

21. a) State and explain four advantages of  age  grouping farm animals as a management  practice          
22. b) Explain four major causes of lamb mortality from birth to weaning
23. c) Describe brucellosis under the following sub headings                                                                       

i)Cause

1. ii) Transmission

iii) Symptoms

1. iv) Control measures
2. a) Explain the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers         
3. Give two reasons why it is important to castrate animals when they are still young
4. (a) Give two reasons why dehorning is carried out in farm animals

            (b) State four methods of dehorning livestock                                                                      

25. (a) What is steaming up in livestock production?

            (b) Give two reasons why the practice is important in pig rearing                                       

26. State four management practices that should be carried on a fish pond in order to obtain

            maximum fish production.                                                                                                                

27. List four factors considered when formulating livestock ration. (2mk)

28. Study the diagram of a cow below and answer the subsequent questions

1. i) Identify the livestock equipment marked E above                                                             
2. ii) State two uses of the equipment in 17(i) above                                                               

            iii) Name the two types of identification marks applied on the animal above                                  

1. iv) Show with an arrow and mark with letter P where pye-grease acaricide should be applied

                        on the anima1                                                                                                                         

1. v) Give one disadvantage for each of the identification marks made on the animal

29. a) Describe the management practices of a gilt from weaning to the time of farrowing
30.  b) State five factors to consider in selecting a gilt for breeding stock.                                

28. State four conditions that necessitate the handling of farm animals .                      
29. Give any two reasons why docking is an important practice in sheep management.           
30. Why is crutching a very important management practice in sheep breeding.

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV

(LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES)

1. Reasons of carrying out crutching in sheep.

            – Facilitates easy mating;

            – Minimizes blowfly infestation;

            – Provides hygienic conditions at lambing time;

            – Allows easy access to the teats by the lambs;

            – Provides hygienic suckling conditions;       

2. Ways of performing closed castration.

            – Use of elastrator and rubber ring;

            – Use of the burdizzo;

3. (a)

• B – Should take place – Hooks, cheek, rump
• V – Is done – Thigh muscles and the shoulders
• BT – is taken – Anus
• M – May occur – Udder and teats

1. b) — Ears (ear lobes)

– Tail switch..

– Under the tail head.

– Both fore and head flanks.

– Between the hooves.

1. c) 1 – Muzzle

            2 – Poll

            3 – Shoulder

            4 – Heart girth

4. (a) – The removal of the testicles in male livestock or stoppage of production of spermatozoa or

              semen.                                                                                                                                  

            – It is the rendering of male reproductive organs non- functional.                      

            (b) – To control breeding and inbreeding.

            – To make animals, especially the bulls docile.

            – To improve quality of meat by removing unpleasant smell especially in goats.

            – To encourage faster growth rates of the castrated male animals.

            – To control breeding diseases such as brucellosis, vaginitis trichonomiasis and others that area

   transmitted through mating.

5. (a) The management of a gilt from weaning to furrowing

• Feed gilt on at least 3kg of sow and weaner meal daily/balanced diet
• Provide clean drinking water
• Control any external parasites by spraying with pestcides or washing
• Treat the gilt next to the bear at the age 12months ready to be served/serve gilt at the right age.
• Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean
• Flush the gilt 3-4weeks before service by feeding high quality diet
• Take the gilt to the boar’s pen for service and let it stay there for at least 12hours
• Observe the return to heat, f any after three weeks, and repeat the services if necessary
• Steaming up should start 1 ½ months before furrowing by giving 3-4kg of feed
• 7-10days furrowing, the gilt should be washed
• The gilt should be moved to disinfected pen/clean en
• provide guard rails or furrowing crate in a furrowing pen
• Provide a source of heat
• Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before furrowing and fed with bran
• Observe the signs furrowing and supervise the process of furrowing
• Deworm the gilt 7-10days before furrowing
• Weigh the gilt regularly
• Keep proper records

            (b) The preparation a poultry farmer should make before the arrival of day old chicks       

• Ensure the brooder is ready 2-3days before arrival of chicks
• Brooder should be cleaned and disinfected to reduce risk of disease infection
• Spreading litter on the floor to provide warmth
• Provide a functional heat source e.g. electric bulb, lantern e.t.c
• Provide adequate feeding equipment
• Ensure adequate floor space considering the number of chicks
• Ensure the chick mash is ready before chicks arrive
• Provide wire guard
• Make holes on the walls of brooder for ventilation

• To identify mated ewes
• To indicate active rams hence help in culling

Identify the sire of each lamb

• Promote docility
• Improve meat quality
• Control breeding diseases
• Control interbreeding/ control hereditary defects

Improve growth rate

• Use of swarm net
• Use of catcher box

Placing the hire in a strategic position  for bees to occupy   

• Control deficiency diseases
• Impact resistance to diseases

Good physical appearance/ good coat cover 

6. two recommended methods of docking lambs

• Use elastrator and  rubber ring
• Sharp knife/scalpel (2x ½ =1mk)

7. three disadvantages of inbreeding

• Loss  of  hybrid vigour
• May lead to decline fertility  leading to species extinction
• May  bring about reduction in performance
• Leads to high rate of prenatal mortality (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

8. four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe

• Inadequate  feeding  /balance diet
• Spraying/dipping  to control external  parasite
• Drenching/deworming  to   control internal  parasite
• Provision of clean  water  ad-lib
• Tugging
• Avoid extensive movement
• Provide mineral licks (any 4x ½ =2mks)

9. the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using

surgical Method                                                                                                                     

• Assemble  equipment and sterilize
• Restrain the  animal to be castrated
• Thoroughly  wash  hands before opening  up  animals  skin
• Artery of  forces  is used to close up the open blood vessel to stop excess  bleeding
• Cut the  skin of scrotum
• Remove  the  two  tests  completely, leaving  on empty scrotal sac
• Disinfect the wound
• Animals  heals faster  since  its  castrated  when young (7×1@=7mks)       

            (b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm          

• Away  from  homestead, pastures and road
• Sheltered/quiet place
• Near  source  of water
• Nearest to flowers producing ants
• Safe from predators (5×1=5mks)

(ii) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum harvest of fish from a fish

pond   

• Control stocking rate
• Control  water pollution
• Supply  enough  food to fish
• Aerate  the  water/constant  in flow  and  out flow of  water
• Maintain appropriate depth of water
• Control predators
• Harvest fish art  correct  maturity stage
• Fertilize  the pond/adequate  water  plants

10. three types of bees found in a bee colony             

• The queen
• The drown
• The workers

11. List three methods of castrating farm                

• Closed method-use buidizzer
• Open method-use surgical method
• Caponization-use  hormones

12. the routine management practices of piglets from the 1^st day to the 8^th week

• Placenta  disposal
• Umbilical cord  cutting  with sharp and sterilized scalpel
• Disinfecting  the umbilical  cord with iodine solution
• Extracting needles teeth/teeth clipping/di-tusking
• Keeping  piglets in  warm creep area
• Weighing   the  piglets 24hrs  after birth
• Feeding the piglets on colostrums
• Iron supplementation through the intra-muscular injection/paste
• Vaccination against diseases
• Feed  the piglets with creep  feeds
• Water provision  at adlibitum
• Nose ringing
• Putting if identification  marks e.g. ear notching
• Deworming /drenching with antihelminthes
• Tail  cutting of the  piglet
• Castration of the male piglet
• Ensure that  they are breathing
• Assist  the weak piglets  to suckle
• Changing  the beddings regularly
• Removing dead piglets from the pen
• Providing furrowing crate  to avoid crushing  of  piglets

• Raised pers with slatted floor
• Permanent calf pen with concrete floor
• Movable calf pen
• Temporary calf pen

14. Poor nutrition – infertility

            Poor timing of service

15. three advantages of hoof trimming in sheep production                                        

• Facilitate easy movement
• Control foot rot disease
• Prevents the ram  from injuring the ewe during mating ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)

16. State four factors considered when citing an apiary in the farm                                            

• Availability  of water
• Availability  of flowers
• A sheltered  place
• An area free from noise/disturbance
• Away  from lime stead and grazing grounds
• Well drained area (2×2=4mks)

17. three methods of stocking a beehive with honey bee                                                

• Use  swarm nets
• Use of a catcher box
• Use of  an  empty  hive  ( ½ x3=1  ½ mks)

18. three common methods of extracting honey from the combs  

• Use of  heat
• Crushing  and straining

Centrifugal extractor  

19. a) i)
20. ii) before wearing/3-7 weeks of age/21-56 days/1 month-22months)

iii) -to determine  growth rate  i.e. weight gain

• -facilitate  administration of drugs  e.g. drenching
• -for feeding i.e.  to  know  the  amount  of feed to give
• -to determine the service/breeding time  (1×3=3mks)

1. b) i) B-entrance

            C-top bar/bar

            D-top  cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

1. ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the sides or top  of the  hive/  jaggery/sheep 

    sorrel/salvial/sugar syrup

   (Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution)  (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey                                                                    

smoke  the  hive  through  the entrance using  a  smoker then light the hid  to  remove  the  top  bar(the  order must be  considered)  (1×2=2mks)

20. a) i) E-key hole saw/compass saw

            F-wood chisel

            G-cold/metal chisel

            H-plumb bob  (1/2×4=2mks)

1. ii) E-to cut  or make key holes

            F-cutting timber

            G-cutting  metal

            H-checking  whether a  tall wall is vertical  (1/2×4=2mks)

iii)  wooden hammer/mallet(1mk)

b))i) open castration/surgical castration  (1mk)

1. ii) procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named in( i) above in piglets

• restrain  the  piglets
• sterilize the  blade
• disinfect the secretal sac
• slit  the secretal sac  to  expose  the testicle
• locate  and  hold  the  sperm duct
• cut  the  sperm  dust  by scrapping  with the slide
• sew up  the wound
• sterilize/disinfect  the wound
• release the animal(piglet)  (1/2×6=3mks)

1. four advantages of  age  grouping farm animals as a management  practice          
   • Avoids bullying among the animals

• Facilitate feeding /adequate and economic use  of feed
• Facilitate  the administration of  drugs e.g. drenching
• Easy keeping  of management records
• Facilitate  breeding/cutting  of livestock  (2×4=8mks)

1. b) four major cause of lamb mortality from birth to weaning

• chilling
• scours
• internal parasitic infertation
• loss of  mother/lack of foster  parents
• inadequate mothers  milk/malnutrition
• crushing  by t he  mother (1×4=4mks)

1. c) i)cause-bacteria/brucella abortus brucells
2. ii) Transmission-sexually transmitted/it is a breeding diseases

iiI) Symptoms

• abortion/premature  birth
• yellowish  slimy  and odourless discharge through  the vulva
• retained afterbirth/placenta
• the cow  may become  barren  (1×4=4mks)

1. iv) Control measures

• vaccination
• use of healthy semen/bull/Al
• cull/destroy  affected cattle
• proper  disposal of foetus  and carcass (1×2=2mks)

23. Reasons for castrating animals when young

• Less pain
• Quick healing

–    Little loss of blood

24. a) Reasons for dehorning farm animals

• Reduce space occupied by animal
• Making handling easier
• To reduce destruction of farm structures
• To make them
• To reduce risk, injury to farmer and other animals 2x ½ = 1 mark

1. b) Methods of dehorning livestock

• Use of caustic potash stick (Potassium hydroxide)
• Use of dehorning iron
• Use of dehorning saw or wire
• Use of rubber ring and elastrator

–     Use of dehorning collation

25. a)Is the giving of high quality seeds to a gestating animal towards end gestation period
26. b) Reasons for steaming up

• Increase milk yield after farming
• Help build up body reserves for lactation
• Ensure rapid growth and development foetus

–     Ensure healthy and string young at birth 

26. four management practices that should be carried on a fish pond in order to obtain maximum

Fish production.(2mrk)                                                                                                          

• Control predators.
• Control Water pollution.
• Maintain appropriate water level.
• Maintain correct stocking rate.
• Supply adequate food. (4x ½  =2mks     

27. four factors considered when formulating livestock ration. (2mk)

• Body weight / size
• Available feeds
• Cost of feeds
• Nutrient composition of feeds available.
• Ingredients required in the ratio.
• Animals level of production.
• Age / stage of growth.

Type of production.

28. four conditions that necessitate the handling of farm animals. (2mk)

• During treatment
• When spraying or hand dressing
• When milking
• When performing some management practices e.g. dehorning

When inspecting animals for any signs of a disease

28. – Large animals e.g. buffaloes

            – man activities e.g. farming

            – root pressure of plants

            – burrowing animals e.g. moles, termites

29. (a) – Random/zigzag soil sampling-Arrow roots

            (b) -Old manure heaps

                        – Ant hills

                        – Dead furrows

                         – Rice

                        – Fence lines

                        – Cattle bomas