This topic entails the following:

• Description of causes and vectors of the main livestock diseases.
• Signs of each stated livestock disease
• Stating predisposing factors where applicable
• Control measures of livestock disease

            The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

1. Name two diseases that affect female animals only
2. Give four pre disposing factors of foot rot disease in sheep
3. i) Name the causative organism of contagious abortion in cattle                                          
4. ii) Give four symptoms of contagious abortion in cattle                                                      

            iii) State three methods of controlling contagious abortion in cattle                                   

4. What is a vaccine?
5. (a) Discuss black quarter under the following sub-headings:-

                (i) Animal affected                                                                                                            

                (ii) Casual organism                                                                                                           

                (iii)Symptoms of disease                                                                                                   

                (iv) Control measures                                                                                                                     

            (b) (i) Explain four measures used to control liver flukes                                                    

                  (ii) Name an intermediate host of liver fluke                                                                              

            (c) Explain the following terms as used in livestock production                                          

                (i) Embryo transfer

                (ii) Artificial insemination

                (iii) Line breeding

                (iv) Cross breeding

                (v) Up-grading

6. Give four predisposing factors of foot rot disease in sheep
7. (a) Discuss coccidiosis disease under the following headings:-

            (i) Causal organism                                                                                                    

            (ii) Livestock species attacked                                                                                              

            (iii) Symptoms of attack                                                                                                        

            (iv) Control measures                                                                                                             

            (b) (i) What are the characteristics of an effective acaricide?                                               

                (ii) Explain three methods of acaricide application                                                          

8. Name four ways of controlling coccidiosi in the farm        
9. State four predisposing factors of scour in calves                    
10. Name four notifiable diseases of livestock            
11. Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination
12. State three signs of anthrax injection disease observed in the carcass of a cattle
13. Differentiate between active immunity and acquired passive immunity
14. Name four systems of a tractor engine
15. State two adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor – mounted mould board plough

            in preparation for ploughing                                                                                                  

16. The diagram below illustrates a farm implement. Study it and answer the questions that follow

1. a) Identify the implement                                                                                          
2. b) Name the parts labeled X, Y and Z
3. c) State three maintenance practices that are carried out on a disc plough
4. List three causes of ruminal lympany (Bloat) in ruminant animals
5. (a) Give four symptoms of milk fever

(b) State two methods of controlling milk fever                                                                   

19. (a) Describe East Coast Fever (E.C.F) under the following sub-topics:

                (i) Animal attacked                                                                                                            

               (ii) Causal organisms                                                                                                                      

               (iii) Symptoms of attack                                                                                                     

                (iv) Control and treatment                                                                                                 

            (b) Explain ten measures used to control livestock diseases                                                

20. Name two livestock diseases that are spread through natural mating.
21. a) Give the method used in introducing a vaccine to poultry against fowl typhoid             b) State other methods introducing vaccines to livestock                                              

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

(LIVESTOCK DISEASES)

1. -Mastitis

– Milk fever

2. Pre-disposing factors of foot rot.

            – Overgrown / untrimmed hooves;

            – Tick infestation between hooves;

            – Muddy / filthy living / grazing areas;

            – Presence of sharp objects e.g. stones;         

3. (i) Causative agents of Brucellosis.

            –Brucella abort – Cattle

            – Brucella suis  – Pigs

            – Brucella malitensis – sheep and goats;                                                                     (½ x 1 = ½ mk)

            (ii) Symptoms of contagious abortions.

• Retained after birth;
• Sterility in cows;
• Spontaneous abortion;
• Yellowish – brown, slimy discharge, odourless discharge from the vulva after abortion;

(iii) Methods of controlling contagious abortion.

• Use of artificial insemination (A.I).
• Vaccination against the disease in young animals;
• Avoid contact with the aborted fetus;
• Blood tests of all breeding animals before mating;

Cull, slaughter infected animals;  

4. A vaccine is an active disease pathogen reduced in strength /virulence or killed and is

              introduced into an animals body to induce immunity                                                                     

5. (a) Discuss black quarter under control predators under the following sub-headings:-       

(i) animal affected-cattle, sheep, goats          

(ii) casual organism-clostridium chauvei

(iii) Symptoms of disease       (5mks)

• Rise in body temperature
• Lameness  and  swelling of  upper part  of  limbs,  making animals  lie on side
• Swollen  shoulders  on either side of  body, chest or  back,  formation of gas under skin
• Difficulties in breathing
• Muscle appear black and spongy
• Grunting and grinding of teeth
• Failure to  chew cud
• On  exposure  to air, muscle of  body rapidly  darken

(iv) control measures  (3mks)

• Annual vaccination  using  black  quarter  vaccine
• Burning  of   carcass
• Carcass  should not be  skinned or  opened
• Cleaning  and treating  of  all wounds  with antiseptics (any 3×1=3mks)

(b) (i) Explain four measures used to control liver flukes      (4mks)

• Controlling liver flukes
• Draining  swampy  areas
• Avoid grazing animals in swamps  area
• Burning heavily infested pastures
• Apply  chemicals (copper  sulphate) to kill snails
• Remove and  kill snails
• Fencing  off swampy area (any 4×1=4mks)

(ii) Name an intermediate host of liver fluke

Water  snail (limnea sp.)

(c) Explain the following terms as used in livestock production      

(i) Embryo transfer

• Method  of breeding  which involve  removal of ova  from a  superior animal, fertilize externally   in a test tube  then transfer to a foster mother which carry pregnancy to term

(ii) Artificial insemination

• Introduction of semen  in to the females reproductive system by  use of a tube

(iii) Line breeding

• Is mating  of distantly related animals but  within the same breed

(iv) Cross breeding

• Mating  of animals  belonging  to  different breeds e.g. fresian bull and  jersey cow

(v) Up-grading

• Is   the  mating  of high grade  bull/sire  to a low  grade cow/dam (05×1=5mks)

6. – Overgrown hooves

– Presence of sharp objects/stores

– Muddy living/grazing areas

– Living infestation between hooves

7. (a) (i) Coccidia                                                                                                                

                        (ii) Poultry, calves, young rabbits, kids, lambs

                        (iii) -Diarrhea

– Dysentery in the dung

– Euraciation

– Ruffled feathers

– Birds become dull with dropping wings

– sudden death in birds, rabbits and kids

(iv) Drugs such as coccidiostats mixed with food or water

– Isolation of infected animals

– Avoid filthy, unhygienic animal surroundings

– Avoid common dunking points for livestock from different farms

– Avoid overcrowding in poultry houses

(b) (i) – Able to kill ticks

– Harmless to both human beings and livestock

– stable – remains effective even after contamination by dung, mud or hair

(ii) – Spraying animals

• dipping – involves immersing the animal into the acaricide or wetting the animal by the acaricide

– Hand dressing – involves smearing pyegrene on areas not likely to be reached by the acaricide

e.g. in the ears

8. four ways of controlling coccidiosis in the farm                                 

• Avoid overcrowding in poultry
• Provision of coccidiostat in feeds and water
• Use of portable calf pen
• Practicing proper hygiene

9. four predisposing factors of scour in calves           

• Unhygienic  condition in the house of the young ones
• Feeding  the calves on cold milk
• Lack of colostrums and
• Feeding at irregular intervals

10. four notifiable diseases of livestock             

• Rinderpest
• Foot and mouth
• Anthrax
• Rift valley fever
• New  castle  disease: mud cow disease

11. New castle, fowl pox, fowl typhoid, gumboro, marek – injections, pursaa disease            

• Signs of anthrax in carcasses
• Blood does not clot
• No rigormatics after death
• Stomach swells/ bloat
• Darkened blood oozes out through the natural opening

13. Differentiate

• Active immunity – animal producing antibodies
• Acquired/ passive immunity – external source of immunity

• Fuel system
• Electrical system
• Cooling
• Lubrication
• Transmission
• Ignition
• Hydraulic

15. 2 adjustment on mould board plough                                                                        

• Adjust the plough depth
• Front furrow depth
• Lowering/ raising ploughing pitch
• Front furrow width

16. a) Disc plough reject disc alone                                                                                           
17. b) X – Disc scrapper

                                    Y-  Rear wheel/ furrow wheel

                                    Z – Disc

1. c) – Replace broken discs

• Clean plough after use reject wash plough
• Lubricate hubs and furrow wheel bearing/ moving parts reject movable parts
• Lighten loose nuts and bolts
• Store in a cool dry place
• Apply old engine oil to prevent rusting during long storage/ paint implement

17. Causes of ruminal tympany (Bloat)

• Obstruction of esophagus due to bulky food e.g. potatoes
• Abnormal pressure exerted on esophagus by swelling in wall of chest

    Indigestion due to eating poisonous herbs, soft young green foliage

18. a) Symptoms of milk fever

• Muscular twitching
• Staggering
• Animal lies down on its side most of the time
• Animals lies on sternum with rock twisted on one side
• General paralysis
• Breathing becomes slow and weak 4x ½ =2 marks

1. b) Control measures of milk fever

• Feed animal o diet rich in calcium
• Give intramuscular injection of calcium 2-3 days before cavity
• Partial milking

–     Cull susceptible animal    

19. East coast fever (ECF)
20. i) cattle 1×1=1 mark
21. ii) Theirelia parva Reject if not underlined, spellings are wrong

iii)

• Fever/ high temperature
• Salivation
• Lachrimentim/ tears from eyes
• Difficult in breathing
• Haemorrhages in vulva/ mouth
• Coughing
• Sight impairment 6×1=6 marks

1. iv)

• Regular spraying/ dipping/ hand dressing with acaricide
• Fencing/ rotational grazing
• Treatment using appropriate drugs 2×1=2 marks

1. b) Ten measures used to control livestock diseases
2. i) Proper breeding and selection

  – Animals fed on balanced ration adequate in quantity and quality are strong and able to resist    diseases

1. ii) Proper breeding and selection

– Animals selected that are free from diseases or resistant to diseases will prevent transmission of diseases

iii) Proper housing and hygiene’s

– Animals houses should be built to meet construction requirement e.g. ventilation, space, drainage, leak proof, lighting and will prevent and protect animals from contracting diseases

1. iv) Isolation of sick animals

– Is separation and confinement of animals from health ones while undergoing treatment, this prevents spread of the diseases

1. v) Imposition of quarantine

– Is restriction of movement of animals and their products from and into affected areas, thus prevents spreads of diseases

1. vi) Prophylactic measure and treatment

– Involves use of drugs before disease attack to prevent occurrence e.g. use of coccidiostat to control coccichosis, drenching to prevent anti helminites

– Also involve vaccination, spraying with appropriate acaricize and treatment to restore good health

vii) Slaughtering affected animla

– Highly infection and contagious diseases e.g. rinderpest, new cattle foot and mouth animals should be slaughtered and carcasses will dispose to prevent spread

viii) Use of antiseptics and disinfectants

– Applied on skin to kill germs or clean livestock to maintain hygiene 

• Vaginitis.
• Brucellosis.
• Trichomaniasis.

• Vaginitis.
• Brucellosis.
• Trichomaniasis.
• Leptospirosis. (2x ½  = 1mk)

21. (a) injection             (b)oral